Here is a comparison of basal pterosaur, basal paraves and coelurosaur dinosaur.
As we can see, basal paraves are like pterosaurs. Basal paraves are not like dinosaurs.
This is a work in progress.
If anyone would like to contribute to this analysis, please feel free.
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| Basal | Basal | Coelurosaur | ||||||
| Pterosaur | Paraves | Dinosaur | ||||||
| CHARACTERS | ||||||||
8. Distal carpal 3, fusion to distal carpal 2: absent (0) or occurs late in ontogeny (1) or occurs early in ontogeny (2)
ReplyDeletePterosaur: ?
Paraves: 2
Dinosaur: 0/1
9. Distal carpal 4: present (0) or absent (1)
Pterosaur: ?
Paraves: 0
Dinosaur: 1
11. ‘Semilunate’ carpal (distal carpal element with a transversely trochlear proximal articular facet), proximal margin of ventral surface：straight (0) or moderately convex (1) or strongly convex (2).
Pterosaur: ?
Paraves: 2
Dinosaur: 1
12. ‘Semilunate’ carpal, proximal margin of dorsal surface: straight (0) or moderately convex (1) or strongly convex (2).
Pterosaur: ?
Paraves: 1
Dinosaur: 0
16. Articular facet on proximal surface of metacarpus: medial, facet absent on lateral portion of proximal surface of metacarpus (0) or central, facet present across entire proximal surface of metacarpus (1) or lateral, facet absent on medial portion of proximal surface of metacarpus (2) or extremely lateral, facet absent on medial portion of proximal surface of metacarpus and extends onto poximolateral surface of metacarpus (3).
Pterosaur: ?
Paraves: 1
Dinosaur: 0
http://pterosaurnet.blogspot.ca/2016/04/the-big-gap.html
DeleteAntorbital fossa: absent (0) present (1)
ReplyDeletePterosaur: 1
Paraves: 1
Dinosaur: ?
http://pterosaurnet.blogspot.ca/2014/01/review-of-similarities.html
http://pterosaurnet.blogspot.ca/2016/04/the-big-gap.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antorbital_fenestra
DeleteIn theropod dinosaurs, the antorbital fenestra is the largest opening in the skull. Systematically, the presence of the antorbital fenestra is considered a synapomorphy that unites tetanuran theropods as a clade.
http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/6352
DeleteCharacter 27: Pronounced, round accessory antorbital
fenestra (modified from TWiG) ORDERED
0: absent
1: present, fenestra occupies less than half of the
depressed area between the anterior margins of the
antorbital fossa and antorbital fenestra
2: present, fenestra large and takes up most of the
space between the anterior margins of the antorbital
fenestra and fossa
A small fenestra, variously termed the accessory
antorbital fenestra or maxillary fenestra, penetrates
the medial wall of the antorbital fossa anterior to the
antorbital fenestra in a variety of coelurosaurs and
other theropods. This character was modified from
the TWiG character following Currie and Varricchio
(2004: char. 22).
"a relatively large proximodorsal process of the ischium"
ReplyDeletehttp://www.ivpp.ac.cn/qt/papers/201403/P020140314389417822583.pdf
165. Posterior edge of ischium without (0) or with prominent proximodorsal prong (1).
Pterosaur: ?
Paraves: 1
Dinosaur: ?
http://pterosaurnet.blogspot.ca/2016/04/the-big-gap.html
Deletea relatively long pre-acetabular process of the ilium
ReplyDeletePterosaur: ?
Paraves: 1
Dinosaur: ?
http://www.ivpp.ac.cn/qt/papers/201403/P020140314389417822583.pdf
Deletehttp://pterosaurnet.blogspot.ca/2016/04/the-big-gap.html
Deletehttp://www.ivpp.ac.cn/qt/papers/201403/P020140314389417822583.pdf
ReplyDelete"fusion of the proximal part of the metatarsus 11,37,41"
196. Distal tarsals separate, not fused to metatarsals (0) or form metatarsal cap with intercondylar prominence that fuses to metatarsal early in postnatal ontogeny (1).
Pterosaur: ?
Paraves: 1
Dinosaur: ?
http://pterosaurnet.blogspot.ca/2016/04/the-big-gap.html
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmor.1052090107/abstract;jsessionid=5641BEB3E9FBF3BDE5A42F67DE5C9286.f01t01
ReplyDeleteAn analysis of hind limb skeletal elements of non-avian theropods and ground-dwelling birds was performed to reveal patterns of change in shape and proportion with size. When femora of equal length are compared, birds exhibit a significantly larger midshaft diameter than non-avian theropods. As total limb length increases, avian femora become relatively shorter (negative allometry), while those of non-avian theropods become relatively longer (positive allometry). Avian femoral/tibiotarsal ratios are all below 0.8 and decrease with limb size, whereas ratios of non-avian theropods are well above 0.8 and tend to increase with limb size. In addition, avian femora exhibit a unique diameter/length relationship not seen in other theropod hind limb bones.
Several studies have shown that within the avian limb, the short, robust femur resists bending to a far greater degree than the relatively longer, slimmer tibiotarsus. This is to be expected, as analyses of running birds show that the femur is oriented relatively perpendicular to the ground reaction force throughout the stride, which would subject it to high bending moments. When compared to birds, non-avian theropods have relatively long, slender femora that do not seem to be built to withstand the forces associated with such an orientation. Reconstructing all non-avian theropods in avian-like poses (subhorizontal femur, knee well flexed) with avian locomotor kinematics (relatively little hip extension at most speeds) ignores major differences in scaling between these groups of organisms.
http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/qt/papers/201403/P020140314389417822583.pdf
ReplyDelete143. Distal articular surface of ulna flat (0) or convex, semilunate surface (1).
http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/6352
DeleteCharacter 143: Distal articular surface of ulna (dorsal condyle and dorsal trochlea in birds)
0: flat
1: convex, semilunate surface (1).
MODIFIED. Wording changed slightly following
CEA 06.
http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/6352
ReplyDeleteCharacter 310: (CEA 06 50) Anterior external mandibular fenestra
0: absent
1: present
http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/6352
ReplyDeleteCharacter 320: (CEA 06 61) Notarium
0: absent
1: present
Character 460: [NEW] Filamentous integumentary
Deletestructures (stage 1 feathers)
0: absent
1: present
Character 461: [NEW] Vaned feathers (stage 4 feathers)
0: absent
1: present
http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/6352
ReplyDeleteCharacter 67: Mandible
0: without coronoid prominence
1: with coronoid prominence
Character 72: External mandibular fenestra shape
0: oval
1: subdivided by a spinous rostral process of the
surangular
This is a derived oviraptorid synapomorphy present
in Conchoraptor gracilis, Oviraptor philoceratops,
Citipati osmolskae, and Ingenia yanshani.
Character 73: Internal mandibular fenestra (Currie,
1995)
0: small and slitlike
1: large and rounded
Character 88: Teeth
0: constricted between root and crown
1: root and crown confluent
http://www.jstor.org/pss/4085810
ReplyDeleteAvian dentitions also pose a problem for the dinosaur hypothesis. While theropod teeth are serrated and have straight roots, avian teeth, like those of crocodilians, are unserrated, with constricted bases and expanded roots.
http://www.pterosaur.co.uk/identify/teeth/teeth.htm
Most pterosaur teeth are relatively smooth with an oval section and no ridges. They tend to taper evenly to the tip and can be straight or gently curved along their length.
http://www.palaeodiversity.org/pdf/03/Palaeodiversity_Bd3_Nesbitt.pdf
ReplyDeletePterosauria, a successful clade of extinct flying vertebrates, possesses a radical body plan that offers few clues about their origin and closest relatives. Whereas most researchers hypothesize an origin within Archosauria as the sister-group to Dinosauromorpha, others favor a position among non-archosauriform archosauromorphs. Here we present evidence that supports a placement within Archosauriformes: the presence of an external mandibular fenestra in two basal pterosaur taxa, Dimorphodon macronyx and a specimen referred to Eudimorphodon cf. ranzii (= ‘Seefeld Eudimorphodon’; BSP 1994 I 51). Furthermore, the arrangement of the mandibular bones surrounding the mandibular fenestra and the presence of a posterior process of the dentary that laterally overlaps the angular in the mandible of Dimorphodon and BSP 1994 I 51 are identical to those of Erythrosuchus, Euparkeria, and Archosauria.
When mapped on a cladogram, presence or absence of an external mandibular fenestra in basal pterosaurs possibly indicates that the feature is primitive for Pterosauria but later lost. The presence of an external mandibular fenestra, along with morphological evidence elsewhere in the body of pterosaurs (serrated teeth, antorbital fossa present, fourth trochanter on the femur present), supports a placement of Pterosauria within Archosauriformes and is consistent with a position within Archosauria.
Breathing and air sacs
ReplyDeletehttp://pterosaurnet.blogspot.ca/2010/05/another-thing-to-watch-for.html
http://pterosaurnet.blogspot.ca/2013/12/respiratory-cycle-of-bird_16.html
http://pterosaurnet.blogspot.ca/2011/11/breathing-pterosaurs-are-like-birds.html
http://pterosaurnet.blogspot.ca/2010/05/uncinate-processes.html