That is because Oviraptors and Paraves did not evolve from dinosaurs.
The "unambiguous synapomorphies" below represent characteristics that are found for the first time in Oviraptors and Paraves. (They are not found in dinosaurs).
(Xu et al 2011)
UNAMBIGUOUS SYNAPOMORPHIES FOR SELECTED COELUROSAURIAN CLADES
Paraves (51 characteristics of 374):
1.1, 10.1, 13.0, 14.0, 15.1, 20.1, 21.1, 28.1, 39.0, 61.1, 65.0, 66.0, 69.0, 79.0, 91.0, 95.0, 96.1, 97.1, 106.0, 109.1, 119.1, 125.0, 127.1, 129.1, 137.1, 138.1, 139.1, 154.0, 155.1, 156.1, 160.1, 166.0, 176.1, 179.1, 180.1, 184.1, 202.1, 221.1, 232.0, 237.1, 262.1, 267.1, 277.2, 292.0, 304.2, 306.1, 319.1, 320.2, 336.1, 354.0, and 362.1
Paraves-Oviraptorosauria-Therizinosauroidea clade (41 characteristics of 374):
13.1, 14.1, 28.0, 29.0, 39.1, 41.2, 54.0, 66.2, 79.1, 91.2, 106.1, 116.1, 117.1, 119.0, 121.1, 125.1, 126.1, 127.0, 130.1, 131.1, 136.1, 144.1, 157.2, 166.2, 167.2, 200.1, 238.1, 255.1, 276.1, 284.1, 300.1, 329.1, 351.1, 354.1, 359.1, 363.1, 364.1, 365.1, 367.1, 368.1, and 371.1.
Some other suggested synapomorphies are present in recently described basal deinonychosaurs, and are thus likely to represent paravian rather than avialan synapomorphies23,37. These features include an antorbital fossa that is dorsally bordered by the nasal and lacrimal, a relatively small number of caudal vertebrae, a relatively large proximodorsal process of the ischium, a relatively long pre-acetabular process of the ilium, and fusion of the proximal part of the metatarsus11,37,41
Also notice (below) all the bird-like characteristics that appear in the Oviraptors and Paraves that are not found in dinosaurs:
(Xu et al 2014)
Attributed to Pennaraptora:
V-shaped furcula; advanced costosternal ventilator pump; initial arm flapping capability; further increased basal metabolic rate; cerebral expansion; increased laterally folding capability; partial pubis posterior orientation; short bony tail; three-fingered hand; symmetrical vaned feathers.
Attributed to Paraves:
Arm elongation and thickening; initial aerial locomotion; extreme miniaturization; partial knee-based locomotion; visually associated brain regions elaboration; asymmetrical vaned feathers.
Xu Xing, Hailu You , Kai Du & Fenglu Han (2011)
Nature 475, 465–470 (28 July 2011)
Xu, Xing Xu, Zhonghe Zhou, Robert Dudley, Susan Mackem, Cheng-Ming Chuong, Gregory M. Erickson, David J. Varricchio (2014)
Science 12 Dec 2014: Vol. 346, Issue 6215, pp.
Also see page 136 of
coracoid strongly retroverted to the scapula
The article on page 267 (by Frey et al.) contains more similarities of pterosaurs to birds:
"As in birds, the glenoid fossa in most pterosaurs is elevated by a dorsolaterally directed elongation of the coracoid and lies almost level with the vertebral column"
The absence of adaptations for powered flight in the gliding basal deinonychosaur Anchiornis suggests that the more advanced aerial ability of the basal deinonychosaur Microraptor（gliding & active flight) evolved independently from the members of Avialae more derived than Archaeopteryx.
...
8.）Flight adaptations present in the known flightless Oviraptorosauria suggest that they evolved from a volant ancestor
https://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/G104/lectures/104coelur.html
Also:
https://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/G104/lectures/104eumani.html
Also:
https://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/G104/lectures/104eumani.html
Pennaraptora
Laterally-directed shoulder joint; Well-developed
semilunate carpal; Pennaceous tail feathers; Brooding
For comparison (from Xu et al 2014):
Attributed to Pennaraptora:
V-shaped furcula; advanced costosternal ventilator pump; initial arm flapping capability; further increased basal metabolic rate; cerebral expansion; increased laterally folding capability; partial pubis posterior orientation; short bony tail; three-fingered hand; symmetrical vaned feathers.
Eumanraptora (Paraves)
VERY long arms and hands, tail very mobile near base;
sickle claw on retractable pedal digit II; distally-placed backwards-facing
pedal digit I; backwards-facing pubis; long leg feathers; ?Limited
flight?
For comparison (from Xu et al 2014):
Attributed to Paraves:
Arm elongation and thickening; initial aerial locomotion; extreme miniaturization; partial knee-based locomotion; visually associated brain regions elaboration; asymmetrical vaned feathers.
1. Semilunate carpal (laterally folding capability)
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2010/02/24/rspb.2009.2281.full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4131224/
http://pterosaurnet.blogspot.ca/2014/10/wrists.html
and
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4131224/
Radiale angles in various theropods. (Bold indicates specimens that we examined directly.)
| taxon | angle | specimen/source |
|---|---|---|
| Allosaurus fragilis | 2° | Chure (2001, fig. 2c) |
| Huaxiagnathus orientalis | 18° | Hwang et al. (2004, fig. 8a) |
| Sinosauropteryx prima | 6° | Currie & Chen (2001, fig. 8a) |
| Guanlong wucaii | 8° | IVPP V14531 |
| Alxasaurus elesitaiensis | 39° | IVPP RV93001 |
| Falcarius utahensis | 26° | Utah Museum of Natural History, Salt Lake City, USA (UMNH) VP 12294 |
| Caudipteryx sp. | 76° | IVPP V12430 |
| Haplocheirus | 15° | IVPP V15988 |
| Sinovenator changii | 35° | IVPP V14009 |
| Deinonychus antirrhopus | 31° | YPM 5208 |
| Eoconfuciusornis zhengi | 55° | IVPP V11977 |
| Meleagris gallopavo | 59° | IVPP 1222 |
2. Feathers
3. Breathing sacs
4. Uni-directional lungs
5. Miniaturization
6. Furcula?
7. Sternum?
8. Enlarged brain?
9. Ankle?
Also:
Oviraptors require a ghost lineage of over 30 million years. And even then it requires an evolution rate 4 times faster.
Prior analyses had placed Oviraptors earlier than
Paraves. However, the Oviraptor fossils that have been found, are
actually tens of millions of years later than Paraves. So
a claim of lengthy ghost lineages is required.
Scansoriopterygids (Temporal range: Late Jurassic,
165–156 Ma)
Anchiornis (Temporal range: Late Jurassic, 161–160.5 Ma)
Aurornis (Temporal range: Late Jurassic, 160 Ma)
Xiaotingia (Temporal range: Late Jurassic, 160 Ma)
Pedopenna (Temporal range: Middle or Late Jurassic, 164
Ma)
Oviraptors (Temporal range: Cretaceous, 130-66 Ma)
Improbable claim of evolution 4 times faster:
http://pterosaurnet.blogspot.ca/2015/01/dinosaur-to-bird-improbable-rates-of.htmlThe dino to bird theory is based on cladistic analysis of characters, not on plausibility.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4131224/
The distribution of the morphological features pertaining to the trochlear facet across theropod phylogeny is consistent with a partial and gradual homeotic transformation of the ‘semilunate' carpal. Although no direct developmental data are available to support the occurrence of a homeotic transformation, this interpretation is suggested by the positional shift of the topologically unique articular surface from the medial side of the wrist to the lateral side (i.e. the trochlear facet shifts from medial carpals to lateral carpals).A lot depends on that reappeared distal carpal 4.
The shift in the position of the ‘semilunate' carpal parallels the lateral shift in digital morphology that took place in theropod hand evolution (in which digits II–IV of the tetanuran hand took on a phalangeal formula of 2-3-4, which characterizes digits I-III of basal theropods).
The morphological data presented in this paper suggest that piecemeal, partial homeotic transformation also occurred in theropod wrist evolution, and contributed to the formation of a fully foldable wrist joint. The two shifts differ in that the lateral shift of the ‘semilunate' carpal occurred later, and in an even more piecemeal fashion, than the lateral shift in digit morphology. Interestingly, a key event in the carpal lateral shift appears to have been the reappearance of distal carpal 4 to contribute to the ‘semilunate' articular surface in derived maniraptorans."
"The theropod wrist evolution is featured by the sequential occurrences of the following major modifications: enlargement of distal carpal 2 together with reduction of distal carpal 3 and loss of distal carpal 4, development of a transverse groove on a composite distal carpal composed of large distal carpal 2 and small distal carpal 3, development of a transverse trochlea on a large distal carpal composed of distal carpal 2 and enlarged distal carpal 3, development of a prominent transverse trochlea on a large distal carpal composed of distal carpals 2, 3, and the reappeared distal carpal 4, and development of a prominent transverse trochlea on the proximolateral portion of the metacarpus composed of distal carpals 3 and 4 .
When you look at Table S1 you see that the distal carpal 4 is present beginning at oviraptors and all the following taxa. But NOT present in the preceding coelurosur dinosaurs.
Table 1. Scorings for 18
characters for 31 theropod taxa
Character/taxon
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
7
|
8
|
9
|
10
|
11
|
12
|
13
|
14
|
15
|
16
|
17
|
18
|
Herrerasaurus
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
Coelophysis
|
0
|
1
|
?
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
Dilophosaurus
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
Xuanhanosaurus
|
1
|
?
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
?
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Allosaurus
|
1
|
?
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
?
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Guanlong
|
1
|
?
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
?
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Tyrannosaurus
|
1
|
?
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
?
|
?
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Coelurus
|
1
|
?
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Harpymimus
|
1
|
?
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
Nqwebasaurus
|
1
|
?
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
Falcarius
|
1
|
?
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
?
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Alxasaurus
|
1
|
?
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
?
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Haplocheirus
|
1
|
?
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
?
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Similicaudipteryx
|
1
|
?
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
Oviraptor
|
1
|
?
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
2
|
?
|
?
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
Microraptor
|
1
|
?
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
2
|
0
|
1
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
Linheraptor
|
1
|
?
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
2
|
?
|
?
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
Mei
|
1
|
?
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
2
|
0
|
1
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
?
|
?
|
Sinovenator
|
1
|
?
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
2
|
0
|
1
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
Archaeopteryx
|
1
|
?
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
2
|
0
|
1
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
?
|
1
|
Anchiornis
|
1
|
?
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
2
|
0
|
1
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
Jeholornis
|
1
|
?
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
2
|
0
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
1
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
2
|
Sapeornis
|
1
|
?
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
2
|
0
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
1
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
2
|
Confuciusornis
|
1
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
1
|
2
|
0
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
1
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
2
|
Protopteryx
|
1
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
1
|
2
|
0
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
1
|
2
|
0
|
2
|
0
|
2
|
Yanornis
|
1
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
1
|
?
|
?
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
1
|
3
|
0
|
2
|
1
|
2
|
Struthio
|
1
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
2
|
1
|
?
|
0
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
1
|
3
|
0
|
3
|
1
|
2
|
Gallicrex
|
1
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
?
|
3
|
0
|
3
|
1
|
2
|
Sinosauropteryx
|
1
|
?
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Mononykus
|
1
|
?
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
Tanycolagreus
|
1
|
?
|
?
|
0
|
0
|
?
|
0
|
1
|
?
|
?
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Furthermore, a large distal carpal occupying the same position in the basal neotheropods Syntarsus and Coelophysis has been identified as a compound bone formed by fusion of distal carpals 1 and 2, leading Gauthier to suggest that these distal carpals were also homologous to the ‘semilunate' carpal of non-avian maniraptorans9. However, this hypothesis is in conflict with ontogenetic data from both Mesozoic birds10 and living birds2,3, which show that the distal carpal proximal to the medialmost metacarpal is absent in birds and the lateralmost carpal is involved in the formation of the transversely convex and trochlear proximal articular surface. This conflict has been repeatedly cited as evidence against the theropod hypothesis of avian origins (e.g., ref. 11,12).
ANKLE
More remarkably, however, this finding reveals an unexpected evolutionary transformation in birds. In embryos of the land egg-laying animals, the amniotes (which include crocodilians, lizards, turtles, and mammals, who secondarily evolved live birth) the intermedium fuses to the anklebone shortly after it forms, disappearing as a separate element. This does not occur in the bird ankle, which develops more like their very distant relatives that still lay their eggs in water, the amphibians. Since birds clearly belong within land egg-laying animals, their ankles have somehow resurrected a long-lost developmental pathway, still retained in the amphibians of today -- a surprising case of evolutionary reversal .
Rationalizations required:
Homoplasies (convergence, polyphyletic)
Ghost lineages
Reversals (reappearance) characters disappear and reappear (eg. SLC reappearance of distal carpal 4)
Homeotic transformations (eg hand and carpals) SLC "shift in position and composition"
Exaptations
Big morphological gap and sudden appearance of bird characteristics at oviraptor/paraves
See Appendix 7
Implausible rates of evolution
ReplyDeleteAssessing Arboreal Adaptations of Bird Antecedents: Testing the Ecological Setting of the Origin of the Avian Flight Stroke
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0022292
“Microraptor, Anchiornis and Epidendrosaurus, have significantly increased fore- and hindlimb indices when compared to other non-avian theropods (uneven t-test tforelimb = −10.971, P(α = 0.05)<0.0001, hindlimb = −3.4059, P = 0.005).
Microraptorines have significantly larger BI values compared to non-avian theropods (unequal variance t-test t = −4.4725, P = (same)<0.0001)
Microraptorines have significantly increased CI values compared to other non-avian theropods (unequal variance t-test = −6.2351, P<0.0001).
Claw and grip-based climbing taxa tend to have enlarged MPI values [34], [74]. Microraptorines have significantly lower indices of approximately 1.0 (t = 8.7188, P<0.0001) compared to a mean non-avian theropod value of 1.45.”
It seems that the basal Paraves are dissimilar to actual theropods.
http://pterosaurnet.blogspot.ca/2015/01/dinosaur-to-bird-improbable-rates-of.html
ReplyDeleteAerial ability in basal Deinonychosauria
ReplyDeletehttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/264044703_Aerial_ability_in_basal_Deinonychosauria
I was particularly interested in this point:
The values of “potentially neoflightless character score and
grade” of 7.5-24 and 49-66 calculated by Paul（2002, table 11.1）
for basal（Protarchaeopteryx, Caudipteryx, Avimimus）and derived
(Oviraptoridae）members of Oviraptorosauria are second only
to those for Dromaeosauridae（38.25 and 83）among the non-avialan Theropoda.
This makes it probable that the ancestors of the
presently known flightless members of Oviraptorosauria
possessed aerial ability superior to that of Anchiornis (“potentially
neoflightless character score & grade” for the more derived
Troodontidae =17.5 and 45）