Wednesday, July 30, 2014

Pterosaur fingers




Pterosaur




ALTERNATIVES

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_birds#Digit_homology
The phalangeal count for archosaurs is 2-3-4-5-3


 Thumbs Down
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259253962_Thumbs_Down_A_MolecularMorphogenetic_Approach_to_Avian_Digit_Homology
We argue that limb bud cells that would normally form the digit II condensation proliferate toward a more anterior direction, into the space made physically available by the loss of digit I. This causes the presumptive digit II to leave the Shh activity zone. At the same time its cells do not express hoxD12 (and other posterior digit markers) any more, and therefore its transcriptome becomes characteristic of digit I. Its phalangeal number is reduced--whether due to weaker anterior FGF8 signaling, caused by lower Shh levels that would otherwise stabilize the expression, or because of different hox and downstream gene expression.  

 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/enhanced/doi/10.1002/jez.b.22545/#jezb22545-bib-0065
Thumbs down: a molecular-morphogenetic approach to avian digit homology
In the initial presentation of the concept, Kundrát et al. (2002) also suggested a mechanism that would be able to derive the Archaeopteryx phalangeal formula from the archosaur one. While the archosaur ground state is thought to be DI(2)–DII(3)–DIII(4)–DIV(5)–DV(3), Archaeopteryx could have DI(2)–DII(3)–DIII(4)–DV(0)–DV(0), but could also be interpreted as DI(0)–DII(2)–DIII(3)–DIV(4)–DV(0). Experiments with molecular signaling pathways in early limb development have shown that modulating interdigital bmp signaling (Dahn and Fallon, 2000) or blocking bmp with a dominant negative receptor (Zou and Niswander, 1996) is able to remove one phalanx from each digit, and therefore a mechanism like that could have caused the archosaur central digits to resemble the Archaeopteryx ones with regard to their phalangeal numbers.


Pyramid reduction hypothesis

http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(13)00512-5
The ‘pyramid reduction hypothesis’ assumes II-III-IV identities for neornithine manual digits and postulates the existence of a conservative five-digit pattern with a gradual, bilateral reduction of phalanges and metacarpals in avian evolution [9]. One proposed mechanism postulates that an elevation in peripheral BMPs, signaling factors that modulate cell survival and proliferation [60, 61], drove bilateral medial and lateral digital reduction [9]. This hypothesis is developmentally plausible, and is also consistent with the phalangeal reduction pattern seen in basal birds [9, 23]. However, it predicts that the direct avian ancestor had a five-fingered hand with dominant digits II, III, and IV [9], which is inconsistent with the digital reduction data from basal theropods (e.g., all known basal theropods, including ceratosaurs, have a vestigial digit IV) [5, 62, 63, 64]. In fact, the pyramid reduction hypothesis implies that either birds are not descended from theropod dinosaurs, or that some as yet to be discovered basal theropods were five-fingered with dominant digits II, III, and IV.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12210116?dopt=Abstract
We report herein that a pentadactyl developmental pattern is evident in early wing morphogenesis of Gallus (chicken) and Struthio (ostrich). Five avascular zones (spatially predestined locations of contiguous metacarpal and phalangeal aggregation) and four interdigital vascular spaces are established by the regression patterns of autopodial vasculature. Transient vestiges of the first and fifth metacarpals are confirmed histologically and histochemically. They lie within the preaxial-most and postaxial-most avascular zones, respectively.
These observations reveal conservative patterning of the avian hand and corroborate a II-III-IV metacarpal interpretation, argue for II-III-IV identity of ossified digits in birds, and favour a simple reduction rather than a homeotic [frame] shift in terms of the phenotype expressed by Hox genes in the phylogeny of the avian manus. 
We suggest that gradual, bilateral reduction of phalanges and metacarpals, via apoptosis mediated by BMP, occurred during the evolution of birds (Pyramid Reduction Hypothesis). This is congruent with the establishment of a central wing axis that became co-opted for coordinated movements.


https://www.academia.edu/13081883/Pentadactyl_ground_state_of_the_avian_wing
The issue of the homology of bird fingers with those of pentadactyl amniotes has been a topic of contention for nearly 200 years. Data from the fossil record and phylogenetic systematics ascribe bird digit homologies to digits I, II, and III of pentadactyl amniotes while embryological evidence supports digital homologies of II, III, and IV. Using a molecular marker specific for condensation competent mesenchymal cells, we describe a pentadactyl arrangement of prechondrogenic digital anlagen in the wings of stage 29 chick embryos. Only the middle three anlagen develop into mature fingers. This pattern supports the hypothesis that bird fingers develop from digital anlagen II, III, and IV of pentadactylous amniotes. In addition, this result rejects a model assuming a shift in the primary axis in bird digit development and shows that a prechondrogenic digital anlage has been maintained in the bird lineage for at least 220 million years since the last known pentadactylous ancestor of the lineage. Such a vestige suggests that strong constraints are maintaining a pentadactyl ground state in amniotes.

https://angeldweb.wordpress.com/2016/07/04/problems-with-dinosaur-to-bird-evolution-the-iii-digits/
However, this view has remained inconsistent with the accepted early condensation patterns for digit progenitors, which show that the three hand digits of modern adult birds developed from the three middle positions. [14, 7, 9]. Furthermore, the assumption that a single frameshift mutation is capable of shifting Digits I, II III into II, III, IV has been shown to be unreliable given that such mutation reveals no adaptive advantage. Rather numerous frame shifts are required to even create an adaptive advantage, as demonstrated by Alan and other researchers. [15]
Axis shift hypothesis
https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms1437
Our results support the fossil record, indicating that birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs that lost digits 4 and 5 (Fig. 1a) and is consistent with the overlooked 'axis-shift' hypothesis that proposes the primary axis runs through the digit 3 position in bird wings19,20,21 (Figs 1f and g). 

Alternative explanations for fingers


PRH, FS1, FS2, HOH, Thumbs Down, LSH.

http://www.researchgate.net/publication/259253962_Thumbs_down_a_molecular-morphogenetic_approach_to_avian_digit_homology

And:
Very recently Xu and Mackem (2013) introduced a digit reduction scheme called the
lateral shift hypothesis (LSH). Like the TDH, it follows the II, III, IV
identification of tetanuran digits, and values the positional criteria over the compositional ones. Unlike the TDH, however, it argues
that a (partial) homeotic anterior shift took place and that digit IV
was completely re‐evolved, following in both points the FSH
https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(13)00512-5
Xu and Mackem (2013)


Also see:
http://pterosaurnet.blogspot.ca/2014/07/pterosaur-fingers.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_birds#Digit_homology
The phalangeal count for archosaurs is 2-3-4-5-3

ALTERNATIVES that are not credible

PROGENESIS
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tony_Thulborn/publication/43456034_Theropod_dinosaurs_progenesis_and_birds_Homology_of_digits_in_the_manus/links/567631d208ae0ad265c0e321.pdf
For instance, it is predictable that the loss of digit I from the manus should be simultaneous with loss of a single phalanx from one or more of the three remaining digits: as those losses are attributed to a single cause, the depletion of mesenehyme in the limb bud, they should not occur sequentially.  

THUMBS DOWN
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259253962_Thumbs_Down_A_MolecularMorphogenetic_Approach_to_Avian_Digit_Homology
We argue that limb bud cells that would normally form the digit II condensation proliferate toward a more anterior direction, into the space made physically available by the loss of digit I. This causes the presumptive digit II to leave the Shh activity zone. At the same time its cells do not express hoxD12 (and other posterior digit markers) any more, and therefore its transcriptome becomes characteristic of digit I.
Its phalangeal number is reduced--whether due to weaker anterior FGF8 signaling, caused by lower Shh levels that would otherwise stabilize the expression, or because of different hox and downstream gene expression.
Experiments with molecular signaling pathways in early limb development have shown that  modulating interdigital bmp signaling (Dahn and Fallon, 2000) or blocking bmp with a dominant negative receptor (Zou and Niswander, '96) is able to remove one phalanx from each digit
A comparison of digits within each limb shows that the posterior forelimb digits are more strongly differentiated than the posterior hindlimb digits, and forelimb digit III exhibits a unique expression of Socs2. 
References
https://frontiersinzoology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1742-9994-11-33

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259253962_Thumbs_Down_A_MolecularMorphogenetic_Approach_to_Avian_Digit_Homology

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3986427/

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301913740_FANTASY_REALITY_A_Critique_of_Smith_'s_Bird_Origins

https://www.academia.edu/11078361/Pentadactyl_pattern_of_the_avian_wing_autopodium_and_pyramid_reduction_hypothesis

https://www.academia.edu/1486957/Transcriptomic_analysis_of_avian_digits_reveals_conserved_and_derived_digit_identities_in_birds

http://dml.cmnh.org/2000Dec/msg00446.html
Larry Febo

https://vargaslab.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/vargasfallon2005b3.pdf

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c41f/be4e5fdc9b95780eefb7c396351290e43b23.pdf

https://www.academia.edu/13081883/Pentadactyl_ground_state_of_the_avian_wing

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260714882_Tracing_the_Evolution_of_Avian_Wing_Digits
Xu and Mackem

http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/554notes1.html




Also see:
https://pterosaurnet.blogspot.ca/2014/07/pterosaur-fingers.html

Alternately a frameshift explanation:

 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jez.b.22545/full
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/259253962_Thumbs_down_a_molecular-morphogenetic_approach_to_avian_digit_homology
Avian forelimb digit homology remains one of the standard themes in comparative biology and EvoDevo research. In order to resolve the apparent contradictions between embryological and paleontological evidence a variety of hypotheses have been presented in recent years. The proposals range from excluding birds from the dinosaur clade, to assignments of homology by different criteria, or even assuming a hexadactyl tetrapod limb ground state. At present two approaches prevail: the frame shift hypothesis [FSH] and the pyramid reduction hypothesis [PRH]. While the former postulates a homeotic shift of digit identities, the latter argues for a gradual bilateral reduction of phalanges and digits.
We argue that limb bud cells that would normally form the digit II condensation proliferate toward a more anterior direction, into the space made physically available by the loss of digit I. This causes the presumptive digit II to leave the Shh activity zone. At the same time its cells do not express hoxD12 (and other posterior digit markers) any more, and therefore its transcriptome becomes characteristic of digit I. Its phalangeal number is reduced—whether due to weaker anterior FGF8 signaling, caused by lower Shh levels that would otherwise stabilize the expression, or because of different hox and downstream gene expression

Thus the change of the phalangeal formula (as in the PRH) is actually caused by the change of the transcriptome (as in the FSH), which in turn is directly caused by the loss of digit I (probably shh and hoxD mediated).

At the point when digit I is lost completely, the topological and morphogenetic effect causes the remaining digits to grow more toward anterior and therefore to adopt different phenotypic fates (e.g., Deinonychus).
The new approach presented here traces the origins of both the
FSH and the PRH to a common source: the loss of digit I. We
propose a morphogenetic‐molecular model in which the changingtranscriptome as well as the altered phalanx number in birds are
direct consequences of the reduction of the anterior‐most digit.Because this effect is thought to be triggered once digit I is lost, we
have dubbed it the thumbs down hypothesis (TDH)
Also:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261607127_New_developmental_evidence_supports_a_homeotic_frameshift_of_digit_identity_in_the_evolution_of_the_bird_wing


Arguments against a frameshift in dino to bird:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateral_Digit_Reduction#Digit_homology
However, such frame shifts are rare in amniotes and—to be consistent with the theropod origin of birds—would have had to occur solely in the bird-theropod lineage forelimbs and not the hindlimbs (a condition unknown in any animal).[136] This is called Lateral Digit Reduction (LDR) versus Bilateral Digit Reduction (BDR) (see also Limusaurus[137])
http://www.pnas.org/content/96/9/5111.full.pdf
Once this happened, we postulate a frame shift—a homeotic transformation—
in the developmental identity of the initial condensations:
Condensation CII developed into digit DI, CIII developed
into DII, and CIV developed into DIII (Fig. 6C), thus
conserving a functionally significant mature form within the
confines of a morphogenetic constraint.
We are not aware of any other case in which such a conflict between a developmental and a functional constraint in digit reduction existed.

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jez.b.22545/full
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/259253962_Thumbs_down_a_molecular-morphogenetic_approach_to_avian_digit_homology
it argues that a (partial) homeotic anterior shift took place and that digit IV was completely re-evolved, following in both points the FSH.

http://www.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/S0960-9822(13)00512-5.pdf
Shh levels regulate digit pattern to shift their expression domains
for the developing hand and the re-emergence of a fully
functional digit in position 4

https://vargaslab.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/vargasfallon2005b3.pdf
Therefore, it must be understood clearly that the absence of a selective advantage for the developmental change in the wing does not imply that it could not have occurred.
From this point of view, the shift in digital identity could have occurred as a selectively neutral change (phenogenetic drift, according to Weiss and Fullerton, 2000)

http://frietsongalis.nl/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/Galis-et-al.-2005-J-Exp-Zool-B.pdf
In addition, a homeotic shift of digits 1, 2, 3 into digits 2, 3, 4 in theropods without further anatomical changes does not appear to lead to an adaptive advantage

GENERAL:

 http://www.dinosauria.org/docs/oryctos/07_03_campbell.pdf
Even more revealing is the fact that in the Eichstätt specimen it can be seen that the ginglymoid joint at the end of Metacarpal II is rotated almost 90 degrees, such that in dorsal view it is clear that flexion/extension of Phalanx 1 of Digit II was primarily in the anterior/posterior plane
Significantly, an anteroposterior flexion/extension of Digit II, even with a sizable ventral component, would have made it the first avian alula, albeit a very primitive one. 
The basal paraves II digit is basically at right angles to the other two digits. It forms a "primitive alula". It has a quite different structure and function than the dinosaur 1st digit.



http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v500/n7463/full/nature12336.html
Digit loss is defined as the complete loss of all phalanges and the
metapodial bone; it should be distinguished from digit reduction, in
which only phalanges are lost3. Digit loss can be adaptive. It reduces the
mass of the distal limb, and therefore its moment of inertia; this conserves
energy during running and flying12–14. 


http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dvdy.22595/full


https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bird_and_dino_hand_difference_debate.JPG


http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jez.b.22545/full
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/259253962_Thumbs_down_a_molecular-morphogenetic_approach_to_avian_digit_homology





https://www.academia.edu/1486957/Transcriptomic_analysis_of_avian_digits_reveals_conserved_and_derived_digit_identities_in_birds
To discover genes that specifically contribute to the second and third wing digit identities, we performed differential expression analysis of the mRNA-seq data between samples LFb and LFc. We found two genes, Tbx3 and Socs2, with high expression in sample LFc (Supplementary Fig. 9 and Fig. 3a). To our knowledge no studies have been published indicating a role for Socs2 in limb development. ISH confirms its strong expression in the third forelimb digit to the exclusion of all other digits in forelimb and hindlimb(Fig.3b–g). Recently it has been shown that the third forelimb digit has a unique mode of development in birds8. This, combined with our gene expression survey, supports the idea that the third wing digit has a unique derived identity in birds.

Other references:
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/222677306_An_old_controversy_solved_bird_embryos_have_five_fingers
We are therefore left with several scenarios: (1) birds
descending from archosaurs other than dinosaurs, which
cannot satisfactorily explain the many similarities
between birds and theropods; (2) the FSH, for which
there is as yet no adaptive significance that would
overcome the evolutionary constraint; and (3) birds
descending from theropods with digits II–IV, which is
the most parsimonious evolutionary transition scenario
but for which there is as yet no fossil evidence.
AND
http://www2.gwu.edu/~newsctr/newscenter/research/dinosaur/clark.pdf
AND
http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2009/06/17/of-birds-and-thumbs/#.U-Okefnlp1Y
AND
http://genomebiology.com/content/pdf/gb-2011-12-10-130.pdf
AND
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/09/110904140359.htm
AND
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3333764/
Posted by at 2 comments:

Friday, July 25, 2014

Scansoriopteryx

Scansoriopteryx is an excellent example of a transitional on the lineage from pterosaur to primitive bird. It is a member of basal Paraves.

Feduccia and Czerkas article:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271658034_Jurassic_archosaur_is_a_non-dinosaurian_bird

ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Jurassic archosaur is a non-dinosaurian bird
Stephen A. Czerkas •Alan Feduccia
Received: 17 April 2014 / Revised: 4 June 2014 / Accepted: 13 June 2014 / Published online: 9 July 2014
ÓDt. Ornithologen-Gesellschaft e.V. 2014
Abstract Re-examination utilizing Keyence 3D digital
microscopy and low angled illumination of the fossil
Scansoriopteryx, a problematic sparrow-size pre-Archae-
opteryx specimen from the Jurassic Daohugou Biotas, pro-
vides new evidence which challenges the widely accepted
hypothesis that birds are derived from dinosaurs in which
avian flight originated from cursorial forms. Contrary to
previous interpretations in which S
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/07/140709140203.htm
The re-examination of a sparrow-sized fossil [Scansoriopteryx] from China challenges the commonly held belief that birds evolved from ground-dwelling theropod dinosaurs that gained the ability to fly. The birdlike fossil is actually not a dinosaur, as previously thought, but much rather the remains of a tiny tree-climbing animal that could glide, say American researchers Stephen Czerkas of the Dinosaur Museum in Blanding, Utah, and Alan Feduccia of the University of North Carolina. The study appears in Springer’s Journal of Ornithology.

Feduccia added, “Instead of regarding birds as deriving from dinosaurs, Scansoriopteryx reinstates the validity of regarding them as a separate class uniquely avian and non-dinosaurian.”

ELONGATE OUTER FINGER

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10336-014-1098-9/fulltext.html (2014)
Jurassic archosaur is a non-dinosaurian bird
Stephen A. Czerkas, Alan Feduccia
Re-examination utilizing Keyence 3D digital microscopy and low angled illumination of the fossil Scansoriopteryx, a problematic sparrow-size pre-Archaeopteryx specimen from the Jurassic Daohugou Biotas, provides new evidence which challenges the widely accepted hypothesis that birds are derived from dinosaurs in which avian flight originated from cursorial forms. Contrary to previous interpretations in which Scansoriopteryx was considered to be a coelurosaurian theropod dinosaur, the absence of fundamental dinosaurian characteristics demonstrates that it was not derived from a dinosaurian ancestry and should not be considered as a theropod dinosaur. Furthermore, the combination in which highly plesiomorphic non-dinosaurian traits are retained along with highly derived features, yet only the beginnings of salient birdlike characteristics, indicates that the basal origins of Aves stemmed from outside the Dinosauria and further back to basal archosaurs. Impressions of primitive elongate feathers on the forelimbs and hindlimbs suggest that Scansoriopteryx represents a basal form of “tetrapteryx” in which incipient aerodynamics involving parachuting or gliding was possible. Along with unique adaptations for an arboreal lifestyle, Scansoriopteryx fulfills predictions from the early twentieth century that the ancestors of birds did not evolve from dinosaurs, and instead were derived from earlier arboreal archosaurs which originated flight according to the traditional trees-down scenario.
The most unusual feature is the extremely elongate outer finger, considered here to be digit IV as in Aves (Capek et al. 2013). It is the longest manual digit whereas the middle digit in theropods is the longest.

http://dinosaur-museum.org/featheredinosaurs/arboreal_maniraptoran.pdf
Scansoriopteryx heilmanni is the only known
saurischian, or theropod, which has the third digit of the manus elongated to nearly twice that of the second digit. 
http://www.labnews.co.uk/news/new-finding-challenges-belief-dinosaurs-evolved-from-birds
The investigations – published in Journal of Ornithology – found a combination of plesiomorphic or ancestral non-dinosaurian traits along with highly derived unambiguous birdlike features. The researchers specifically note the primitive elongated feathers on the fore- and hind limbs, suggesting Scansoriopteryx is an ancestral form of early birds that had mastered basic aerodynamic manoeuvres of parachuting or gliding from trees.
These findings fulfil a prediction first made in the 1900s that the ancestors of birds didn’t evolve from dinosaurs, but instead from earlier arboreal archosaurs which originated flight according to the tree-down scenario. These small tree-dwelling archosaurs had improved ability to fly, with feathers that enabled them to at least glide. This ‘tree-down’ view is in contrast with the ‘ground-up’ view many palaeontologists side with.
“Instead of regarding birds as deriving from dinosaurs, Scansoriopteryx reinstates the validity of regarding them as a separate class uniquely avian and non-dinosaurian,” said Alan Feduccia.
Pterosaur fingers: 
http://www.reptileevolution.com/pterosaur-wings.htm




CAUDAL RODS

 http://www.sci-news.com/paleontology/science-scansoriopteryx-hypothesis-birds-evolved-dinosaurs-02059.html
The techniques made it possible to interpret the natural contours of the bones. Many aspects of the [Scansoriopteryx] fossil’s pelvis, forelimbs, hind limbs, and tail were confirmed, while it was discovered that it had elongated tendons along its tail vertebrae similar to Velociraptor.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1755-6724.12009/abstract

In the tails of dromaeosaurids dinosaurs and rhamphorhynchid pterosaurs, elongate osteological rods extend anteriorly from the chevrons and the prezygapophyses. These caudal rods are positioned in parallel and are stacked dorsoventrally.

http://pterosaur-net.blogspot.ca/2013/01/guest-post-dragon-tails-what-pterosaurs.html
The tail of Deinonychus and its raptor relatives is bizarre, but it is not (as Professor Ostrom himself realized) unique. Among all known vertebrates, a similar tail anatomy has evolved in one other group [rhamphorhynchid pterosaurs].
Consider the below images of a tail of a Bambiraptor and of a Velociraptor. Both are dromaeosaurids with caudal-rod bearing tails and both are fully articulated.

ACETABULUM

http://www.aoucospubs.org/doi/full/10.1525/auk.2013.130.1.1
A partially closed acetabulum is seen in basal archosaurs and
is characteristic of the scansoriopterids and Jurassic feathered
forms such as Anchiornis initially described as near Aves by Xu et al. (2009).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scansoriopteryx
Scansoriopteryx also lacks a fully perforated acetabulum, the hole in the hip socket which is a key characteristic of Dinosauria and has traditionally been used to define the group. 
http://dinosaur-museum.org/featheredinosaurs/arboreal_maniraptoran.pdf
Scansoriopteryx is clearly more primitive
than Archaeopteryx in many respects such as its
saurischian-style pelvis which has remarkably short
pubes; elongate and robust ischia; and
comparatively small pubic peduncles. These
primitive features further suggest that the nearly
closed acetabulum is not a reversal, but a true
plesiomorphic condition.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterosaur
Pterosaur's hip sockets are oriented facing slightly upwards, and the head of the femur (thigh bone) is only moderately inward facing, suggesting that pterosaurs had a semi-erect stance. It would have been possible to lift the thigh into a horizontal position during flight as gliding lizards do.

GENERAL

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scansoriopterygidae
Scansoriopteryx (and its likely synonym Epidendrosaurus) was the first non-avian dinosaur found that had clear adaptations to an arboreal or semi-arboreal lifestyle–it is likely that they spent much of their time in trees. Both specimens showed features indicating they were juveniles, which made it difficult to determine their exact relationship to other non-avian dinosaurs and birds. It was not until the description of Epidexipteryx in 2008 that an adult specimen was known.
The scansoriopterygids would have lived alongside synapsids such as the aquatic Castorocauda and arboreal gliding mammal Volaticotherium, the rhamphorhynchoid pterosaurs Jeholopterus and Pterorhynchus, as well as a diverse range of insect life (including mayflies and beetles) and several species of salamander.[14][15]
A monophyletic Scansoriopterygidae was recovered by Godefroit et al. (2013); the authors found scansoriopterygids to be basalmost members of Paraves and the sister group to the clade containing Avialae and Deinonychosauria.[9] Agnolín and Novas (2013) recovered scansoriopterygids as non-paravian maniraptorans and the sister group to Oviraptorosauria.[10]

http://dinosaur-museum.org/featheredinosaurs/arboreal_maniraptoran.pdf
Scansoriopteryx heilmanni is the only known
saurischian, or theropod, which has the third digit
of the manus elongated to nearly twice that of the
second digit. Scansoriopteryx closely resembles
Archaeopteryx, but differs in the following: a
definite contact between an elongate ventral process
of the postorbital and the ascending process of the
jugal; the lower jaw is equipped with a large
fenestra; the tail has a greater development in the
articulation of the zygapophyses. The pelvis is
similar to that of Archaeopteryx in having the same
number of sacrals and general shape of the ilia, but
differs in having a small, unexpanded pubic
peduncle; a significantly short pubis which is not
retroverted; longer ischia; and an acetabulum which
is not entirely perforated.
Scansoriopteryx is clearly more primitive
than Archaeopteryx in many respects such as its
saurischian-style pelvis which has remarkably short
pubes; elongate and robust ischia; and
comparatively small pubic peduncles. These
primitive features further suggest that the nearly
closed acetabulum is not a reversal, but a true
plesiomorphic condition.
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/259438884_Agnoln_and_Novas._2013._Avian_ancestors
It is important to mention that scansoriopterygids retained a caudoventrally oriented glenoid, a subrectangular coracoid with reduced biceps tubercle, and a distally fan-shaped scapular blade, all representing plesiomorphic character states in respect to paravians.
Agnolin and Novas provide no support for their assertion that scansoriopterygids had a caudoventrally oriented glenoid.
http://www.researchgate.net/publicat...vian_ancestors
In Figure 5.2 they diagram other taxa but not scansoriopteryids. 

In the published material by those who have analyzed the fossils, I see no mention of a caudoventrally oriented glenoid. (If anyone does see a mention, please give us the link and copy and paste please). 
https://bio.unc.edu/files/2011/04/Jo...logy-20141.pdf
http://www.dinosaur-museum.org/feath...niraptoran.pdf


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scansoriopteryx
Zhang et al. also noted that the foot of Epidendrosaurus is unique among non-avian theropods. While the Epidendrosaurus specimen does not preserve a reversed hallux, the backward-facing toe seen in modern perching birds, its foot was very similar in construction to more primitive perching birds like Cathayornis and Longipteryx. These adaptations for grasping ability in all four limbs makes it likely that Epidendrosaurus spent a significant amount of time living in trees.

Riddle of the Feathered Dragons
Page 150
The [Scansoriopteryx] pelvis is still like that of a reptile (as opposed to a theropod) 

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10336-014-1098-9#page-1
the head of [Scansoriopteryx] femur lacks a distinctive neck and is instead more proximally oriented as in reptiles with sprawling limbs


The reason that the dino to bird folk are confused about this, is that they see the "correction" made at the knee (to make the stance "erect") in basal paraves and birds, and equate this "erect" stance with the quite different "erect" stance of dinosaurs.
http://books.google.ca/books?id=Z0YWn5F9sWkC&pg=PA46&lpg=PA46&dq=parasagittal+gait&source=bl&ots=5IpEhI42X4&sig=zVn7UBHxK7EYwqz95O7uGIjrIuI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vLxsVO3cIsOOiwK3mICYBw&ved=0CDwQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=parasagittal%20gait&f=false
He also pointed out the distinction between a parasagittal gait and a sprawling gait, later understood in terms of fundamentally different mechanics.
Note the two different meanings:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittal_plane
The term parasagittal is used to describe any plane parallel to the sagittal plane.
http://evolutionwiki.org/wiki/Parasagittal

Parasagittal refers to a gait in which the legs are oriented entirely under the body, like columns. Seen in mammals, and birds.

http://dml.cmnh.org/2008Sep/msg00563.html
Avialan characters of scansoriopterygids include- - Hyposphene -hypantrum articulations in trunk vertebrae absent (according to Senter).
Very interesting thoughts from Andrea Cau:

http://theropoda.blogspot.ca/2012/07/il-ritorno-del-paraviano-pterosauro.html
In an old post, I have argued, along with Lukas Panzarin, the hypothesis that the highly unorthodox Scansoriopterygidae are of theropodi "pterosaur-like" , converging with small pterosaurs grade rhamphorhynchoide, as they have a short skull, tall and with teeth prominent and projected rostrally, forelegs stretched, the outer finger of the hand hypertrophic but apparently unsuitable to prehension (the penultimate phalanx is not significantly longer than the other), the possible (even if you need a confirmation) of a track patagium nell'olotipo of Scansoriopteryx , attached to the third finger of the hand instead of showing the obvious feathering inserted the second finger as in other maniraptori. The recently described rhamphorhynchoide German Bellubrunnus (Hone et al. 2012) shows a tail very similar to that of Scansoriopteryx . Randomness? Or yet another evidence of convergent evolution? It should be emphasized that the tail of rhamphorhynchidi derivatives is very similar to that of dromaeosauridi derivative, while that of Bellubrunnus is more similar to that of the basal paraviani, such as scansoriopterygidi. Perhaps, the two lineages developed their tails like follow similar evolutionary trajectories, which Scansoriopteryx and Bellubrunnus are both intermediate stages. Although I agree that it is very risky to postulate such a narrow adaptive convergence between baseline and dromaeosauridi rhamphorhynchidi (but Microraptor is potentially arboreal and planatore , then ecologically similar, if not to a flying animal, at least in the same region adaptive in that would place the scansoriopterygidi planatori) I consider it possible that the still little-known faunas of the Middle Jurassic basal paraviani might reserve surprises in the future.
If the third finger of hypertrophic Scansoriopteryx is already so stretched in the sample holotype, which is very immature, why not imagine that in the adult finger that was even longer? And if so, what good would such an extended finger? Perhaps to support a patagium, especially if it was confirmed the absence of flight feathers in the wing of Epidexipteryx ?
I admit the many "ifs", but also the many enigmatic aspects of scansoriopterygidi, which probably require explanations heterodox: the assumptions are born so reckless ...
http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2008/10/23/epidexipteryx-at-last/
In my large-scale analysis of theropods (in preparation), Scansoriopterygidae are placed sligtly more basal than Avialae: they’re basal paravians, sister-group of Eumaniraptora (Avialae+Deinonychosauria). This different position explains more the “incisivosaur-like” skull and the absence of some pelvic features widespread among basal avialans, dromaeosaurids and troodontids (in particular the scapular, ischial and pubic features).
In my blog, I suggested an alternative and very heterodox interpretation of Scansoriopterygids: given the absence of evidence for remiges in Epidexipteryx, is it possible that the “feather impressions” seen in the forelimb of the “Scansoriopteryx heilmanni specimen” are not feathers, but a different tegument: it is interesting to note that in remige-bearing maniraptorans, the remiges are inserted on the second finger, whereas in Scasoriopteryx these impression are close to the hyper-elongated third finger. This very long lateral finger is similar to the pterosaurian fourth digit. So, it is possible that the “feather impressions” of Scansoriopteryx were remnant of a patagium. In my opinion, the presence of this structure may explain the elongation of the lateral digit in these small theropods better than the Aye-Aye hypothesis.
2015:
http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2015/04/29/chinese-dinosaur-had-bat-like-wings-and-feathers/
These wings were mutually exclusive: dinosaur or pterosaur, feathery or leathery. But Yi went for both options! It had membrane wings with a feathery covering on the leading edge. It shows that at least some dinosaurs had independently evolved the same kind of wings as pterosaurs—an extraordinary example of convergent evolution.
http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/tetrapod-zoology/2015/05/05/yi-qi-is-neat/
Membranous-winged scansoriopterygids were predicted in 2008. Moving on, there are several neat things that I think should be discussed here (scarcely none of which have been mentioned in existing online discussions of this find). The first one is that the concept of a scansoriopterygid with gliding membranes is (while radical and shocking) not novel if you’ve been paying attention.Exactly such a creature was predicted by my colleague Andrea Cau (and illustrated by excellent palaeoartist Lukas Pankarin) way back in October 2008 after the publication of Epidexipteryx* (Zhang et al. 2008). Like Yi qi and other scansoriopterygids, Epidexipteryx lacks vaned feathers yet has a hyper-long digit that looks suitable – Andrea proposed – for the support of a patagial membrane. Yi qi is, therefore, yet another of those fossil animals predicted to exist prior to its discovery. SpecBio fans might like to know that C. M. Kosemen took this suggestion and ran with it, but that’s a story for another time.

 http://dinosaur-museum.org/featheredinosaurs/Are_Birds_Really_Dinosaurs.pdf
Had Scansoriopteryx been discovered before the use of cladistics became so prevalent some two decades ago, the cursorial theory of how birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs could not have progressed as it has. Scansoriopteryx is known from strata believed to be from the Middle Jurassic, possibly 165 to 180 million years ago, and much older than when Archaeopteryx is known to have lived during the Late
Jurassic. So there is no time paradox in its being ancestral to birds, as there is for dromaeosaurs of other bird-like dinosaurs. Scansoriopteryx simply does not represent a ground dwelling dinosaur, but it clearly does have a significant ability for climbing while at the same time is not as well developed for flight as was Archaeopteryx. The shoulder/chest complex of the scapula and coracoid are more primitive than
that of Archaeopteryx. The furcula is not present, but is instead represented by separate clavicles.

http://dinosaur-museum.org/featheredinosaurs/arboreal_maniraptoran.pdf
The systematic description of Scansoriopteryx
depends upon whether certain characters are
considered as truly plesiomorphic, or as derived
reversals that only resemble primitive conditions
secondarily. The main distinction between the two
interpretations is that Scansoriopteryx was derived
either from a pre-theropod saurischian [archosaur] ancestor, or
from a theropod. The first scenario suggests that
the ancestral forms which led to Scansoriopteryx
were basal saurischians from the Middle Triassic,
or earlier, before theropods had appeared. The
second option would suggest that Scansoriopteryx
appeared much later in time from a theropod lineage
which, in becoming arboreal, developed massive
reversals secondarily resembling primitive
characteristics. The basal saurischian relationship
is seen here as being the more parsimonious
interpretation. 
The passage above is very good, but there is no reason to think the ancestor was a saurischian dinosaur. It was not any kind of dinosaur. It was actually a pterosaur.


http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v498/n7454/full/nature12168.html

Three main references:

http://www.ivpp.ac.cn/qt/papers/201206/P020120604508520389814.pdf (2002)
A juvenile coelurosaurian theropod [Epidendrosaurus] from China indicates arboreal habits
http://dinosaur-museum.org/featheredinosaurs/arboreal_maniraptoran.pdf

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10336-014-1098-9/fulltext.html  (2014)


Epidexipteryx

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidexipteryx

The skull of Epidexipteryx is also unique in a number of features, and bears an overall similarity to the skull of Sapeornis, oviraptorosaurs and, to a lesser extent, therizinosauroids. It had teeth only in the front of the jaws, with unusually long front teeth angled forward, a feature only seen in Masiakasaurus among other theropods. The rest of the skeleton bore an overall similarity to the possibly closely related Scansoriopteryx, including a hip configuration unusual among other dinosaurs: the pubis was shorter than the ischium, and the ischium itself was expanded towards the tip. The tail of Epidexipteryx also bore unusual vertebrae towards the tip which resembled the feather-anchoring pygostyle of modern birds and some oviraptorosaurs.[2]



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